Tourmaline is a crystalline boron silicate mineral compounded with elements such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. Tourmaline is classified as a semi-precious stone and the gemstone comes in a wide variety of colors.工藝品名稱碧璽，為含硼的環狀硼矽酸鹽礦物，並含有鋁、鐵、鎂、鈉、鋰或鉀元素。在寶石的分類中，電氣石屬於半寶石，並有多種顏色。早期的斯里蘭卡透明高品質的電氣石是由荷蘭東印度公司帶入歐州來滿足好奇心和寶石市場，在當時並不認為「鐵電氣石(黑電氣石)」和電氣石是同一種礦物。由於電氣石具有壓電效應因此在19世紀就被拿來做為偏振光實驗的材料。

Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F, OH)2. Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces. It is one of the hardest naturally occurring minerals (Mohs hardness of 8) and is the hardest of any silicate mineral. 黃玉，也稱呼為黃寶石、托帕石，為含有鋁和氟的矽酸鹽礦物是11月的誕生石，由火成岩結晶化過程的最後階段散發出的含氟蒸氣所形成。分布於巴西、墨西哥、薩克森、蘇格蘭、日本、烏拉山脈及其他地方。

Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxylapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal. The mineral was named apatite by the German geologist Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1786. 磷灰石是一類含鈣的磷酸鹽礦物總稱。 磷灰石為六方晶系，晶體呈六方柱狀，集合體有塊狀、粒狀、結核狀等多種，顏色多樣，有［[灰色]]、黃色、褐色、綠色［藍色]等，有玻璃光澤，硬度為5，比重為2.9-3.2，斷口有貝殼狀，有油脂光澤，有許多種磷灰石具有螢光。

A group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. All species of garnets possess similar physical properties and crystal forms, but differ in chemical composition. The different species are pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular (varieties of which are hessonite or cinnamon-stone and tsavorite), uvarovite and andradite. 青銅時代已經使用為寶石及研磨料的矽酸鹽礦物。常見的石榴石為紅色，足以涵蓋整個光譜顏色。 石榴石並非單一種礦物，而是一整個礦物群，該礦物群中的礦物皆有相似的物理性質和結晶形態，分別為鎂鋁、鐵鋁、錳鋁、鈣鐵、鈣錳鋁、鈣鋁，變種有沙弗來石及肉桂石及鈣鉻榴石。